Although the
thrust of my research has been in the Republic of Texas era, I think the
following can be of use to anyone writing about frontier life.
Pioneers on the way to Texas loaded their wagons with hard tack, a flat
bread lasting a long time.
Hard Tack Biscuits
2
pounds (8 cups) flour
1
teaspoon salt
¼
pound butter or lard ( ½ cup ) cut up
3
gills ( ¾ pint) milk.
Mix flour and salt, mix in lard. Add milk and knead dough for
½ hour. Cut into cakes about the size of a small teacup and ½ inch thick. Prick
with a fork and bake in a moderate oven until they are a delicate brown.
At night, women would wait until the campfires died down before burying
potatoes in the warm ashes to be eaten the next morning. White potatoes were
commonly called “Irish potatoes,” as opposed to sweet potatoes which were
sometimes referred to as “yams.” Sweet potatoes were much more common in Texas
because they were easier to grow than Irish potatoes.
At first, cattle were used mostly for oxen or milk, not to be
slaughtered. Cheese, usually a soft version, was often made every day when
there was excess milk. Chickens were for eggs and usually only slaughtered when
they could no longer lay.
Because of
the amount of meat one got for the least amount of effort, pork reined as king.
Pigs could be turned out to forage for themselves in the summer and butchered
in the fall. The meat, when smoked and cured, kept well. Hams hung in
smokehouses, while bacon might be covered with a cloth and thrown on a shelf. The
saying was they used “everything but the squeal.”
Sausages and
any cooked meat could be preserved by drying or placing in a stone crock and
covering with lard.
Poor sanitation caused raw vegetables to be looked upon in disfavor as
something that could cause disease, and the vegetables pioneers ate were
consequently cooked much longer than we do today. The abundance of wildlife
made it difficult in the first few years of settling a new land to be able to
have a garden. If pork was king in the meat department, corn ruled in the
vegetable world. Cornbread was often served at every meal, as corn was much
easier to grow than wheat.
 |
| Dewberries - a wilder, smaller version of blackberries |
Because oven temperatures were difficult to regulate, cakes often turned
out dry and unappetizing. The pioneer woman counteracted this by making heavy
cakes filled with dried fruits and nuts. Pies were much more forgiving, and
they became the dessert of choice. The pioneer woman used whatever she had on
hand for pies: wild fruits, buttermilk, sweet potatoes, vinegar, and even the
ubiquitous cornmeal.
Wild Mustang Grapes
Mustang grapes are distinguished
by the white velvety underside of their leaves. The fruit when ripe is dark
purple with a bitter, acid taste. With enough sugar added, they are fine for
making jellies, wines, and grape juice. When mixed with molasses and allowed to
ferment, mustang grapes made a homemade wine referred to as “Busthead Whiskey.”
 |
| Mustang Grapes Growing Wild in the Trees on a Country Lane |
Mustang Green Grape Pie
3
cups green mustang grapes
1
½ cups sugar
3
tablespoons flour
3
tablespoons butter
Unbaked
pastry for two 9-inch pie crusts
Melted
butter and sugar for sprinkling over top crust
Pick the grapes when they are still a beautiful green color,
just before the seed is formed. Wash them and put in a saucepan. Cover with
water and bring to a boil.
Mix the sugar and flour together, add to the grapes when they
begin to boil. Add butter and cook over medium heat. Stir, and when mixture
begins to thicken, pour into an unbaked 9-inch pie crust. Add top crust or
lattice crust. If desired, brush the top crust with melted butter and sprinkle
sugar on top.
Bake at 400° for 10 minutes. Reduce heat to 325° and continue
baking for 20-30 minutes.
Game was plentiful. Buffalo tongue was considered a special treat. Bear
grease is sweeter and much better tasting than pork lard, but it turns rancid
quickly.
Bear
Mature bear is usually too tough to eat and should only be
used in long cooking stews. However, some cooks believe all bear, except for
perhaps black bear, is edible as long as it is soaked in an oil-based marinade
for at least 24 hours before cooking. The fat must be removed immediately, as
it turns rancid quickly. Cook after marinating as you would beef pot roast or
stew. Bear, like pork, can carry trichinosis, so be sure the meat is always
well cooked through.
Other wild
game was consumed with relish, as it was free and only had to be caught.
Mexicans living in Texas also ate armadillo, although I do not think this was
common among the Anglos. Armadillo is supposedly a very light, tender and tasty
meat.
 |
| Hondo peers into an armadillo hole. |
Armadillo
Water
½
cup vinegar
Salt
1
cup water
Black
Pepper
Lay
armadillo on back. With a sharp knife, slit from throat to tail and then across
from shoulder to shoulder. Skin leg and shoulder close to the shell. Keep
working close to the shell until the whole armadillo is out of shell. Then,
being careful not to break the intestines, gut the armadillo. Wash well and cut
in half. Place armadillo in a pan, cover with water. Stir in ½ cup of vinegar
and about that much salt to make a brine. Soak overnight, drain and rinse.
Place in roasting pan and sprinkle with black pepper. Add about 1 cup of water,
cover and bake as you would a roast. Add more water as needed until done.
Raccoon & Muskrat
Raccoon and muskrat are both dark meat, and like bear, every
bit of the fat must be removed after skinning. Also, like bear, they should be
thoroughly cooked to prevent infections by worms. There are several small scent
glands that must also be removed before cooking—under the armpits of the front
legs, on either side of the spine, and in the small of the back.
Raccoon can be simmered, roasted, fried, or barbequed.
1
raccoon
Cayenne
pepper—to taste
Salt
and pepper—to taste
Vinegar
3
garlic cloves, chopped
1
cup celery, chopped
1
large onion, chopped
1
medium green pepper, chopped
Cooking
oil
Flour
6
sweet potatoes, peeled
Dress the raccoon and soak it for 1 hour in a mild vinegar
and water solution. Drain and cut into pieces. Cover with water. Add salt,
peppers, and chopped vegetables. Under medium heat, bring to a boil and reduce
heat to a simmer. Cook until tender.
Drain, pat dry, and brown in a small amount of cooking. Place in a roaster. Prepare a brown gravy with flour and
drippings; pour over the raccoon, placing the sweet potatoes around it. Bake at
350° until potatoes are done, 30 to 40 minutes.
Opossum (Almost always
referred to as “Possum”)
Cooks prepare possum in various ways. The fat is not objectionable in taste or odor and does not have to be removed. The meat is
light-colored and tender.
Method One:
Drain the blood, remove the entrails and wipe clean. Hang for
48 hours. Skin and cook. Roasting is the preferred method. The liver may be
chopped up and added to the gravy.
Method Two:
Trap the possum and feed it for 10 days on cereal and milk.
Clean but do not skin. Immerse into water just below the boiling point. Pluck
the hair, when it slips out readily, remove the possum and scrape the hair off.
While scraping, occasionally pour cool water over the surface of the animal.
(Much like you would a hog.) Remove the small red glands in the small of the
back, and under each foreleg between the shoulder and rib. Parboil for 1 hour.
Cook like you would a pork roast.
Rabbit
A young rabbit has a narrow cleft in the lip and smooth,
sharp claws. The ears will be soft and bend easily.
After the kill, drain the blood and remove entrails
immediately. Leave the skin on if not cooked immediately. The body cavity can
be cleaned with a cloth or dry grass. To ensure tender meat, hang by the feet
for 1 to 4 days. They can be eaten immediately if not stiff. Once stiffened,
they can still be edible as long as the hind legs are rigid.
Many people like to soak rabbit in either vinegar, wine, or
salted water before cooking. Soaking or not is a matter of taste. Brining in
salt water is a popular way to keep meat juicy.
Rabbit can be prepared in much the same way as
chicken—fricasseed, baked, roasted, or boiled and diced to serve in a salad.
For a unique and special sauce, the blood can be used as a thickener.
 |
| Squirrels might not be the easiest things to shoot, but they were highly favored. |
Squirrel
Gray squirrels are preferred; red squirrels are small and
gamey in flavor.
Squirrel is one of the finest and tenderest of all game meat.
Only the oldest and toughest need to be parboiled. Clean as soon as possible,
wipe the body cavity with grass, cloth or paper. Let the body heat dissipate.
As with rabbit, it doesn’t have to be skinned until it is ready to be cooked.
Squirrels are commonly fried like chicken or put into stews like Brunswick
Stew. However, they are delicious broiled, baked, and cooked with dumplings.
My son’s grandfather told him that as a boy, he would kill
squirrels and share them with an old black gentleman he knew. He would get
angry at him and tell him not to shoot the squirrels in the head—the brains
were the best part. (When I repeated this in a speech to a Daughters of the
Republic of Texas chapter, several women nodded their heads, saying their
grandparents had loved squirrel brains.)
Almost all
the blacks living in Texas during the early 19th century were
slaves, and they were given the ears, feet, neck bones, and intestines of the
hog to eat. Chitterlings (pronounced “chit-lins”) were made with the
intestines. They have a strong aroma when cooked that many people find
objectionable.
Chitterlings
After slaughtering a young pig, empty the large intestines
while still warm by turning them inside out and scraping as clean as possible.
Cover with salted water, keep cool for 24 hours. Drain and wash in 5 or 6
waters. Any excess fat can be removed but leave some for flavor.
10 pounds chitterlings
1 garlic clove or 1 teaspoon of
minced garlic
1 onion sliced or coarsely chopped
½ teaspoon salt
½ teaspoon pepper
Enough cold water to cover
Optional ingredients:
½ sliced lemon
½ teaspoon each: thyme, clove, mace, and allspice
1 bay leaf
1 teaspoon red pepper flakes
2 tablespoons fresh parsley
2 tablespoons white wine vinegar
Cut chitterlings up in 2-inch lengths. Bring slowly to a
boil, add other ingredients. Reduce heat and simmer for about 3 hours. A half a
cup of catsup can be added the last thirty minutes of cooking time if desired.
Most people like to douse their chitterlings with vinegar or hot sauce.
When ranger
companies were formed in Texas, they would live for weeks at a time on nothing
but wild game, honey if they could find it, and coffee “the favorite drink of
Texans.”
People
living near the coast of Texas not only feasted on wild game, but fish,
shellfish, and oysters as big as your hand. The wealthy planters living near
the port cities had access to a wide variety of food, including coffee, London
ale, and champagne. It seems strange to us thinking about the frontier days,
but where it was available, champagne was a popular drink.
Almost all
the stagecoach stops in Texas served much the same food, salt pork and
cornbread. The
Tremont House in Galveston was known for its good food.
Nevertheless, one Frenchman coming to the New World ate one meal there, turned
around and went back to France. A few others, such as the Nicholson Hotel in
Bastrop, became renowned for exceptionally good fare. They all served alcohol,
and although the bar was a good source of revenue for innkeepers, murders and
fights were not uncommon, much to the dismay of many of the innkeepers’ wives.
 |
| The Nicholson Hotel in Bastrop near the river burned down in the late 1800s, but the Old Stagecoach Inn by the El Camino Real in Bastrop still stands. Davy Crockett and Sam Houston were visitors. |
Tableware
could vary widely from place to place. Some people ate off tin plates using utensils
made from cane. In other places, people used fine china and silver cutlery.
Most people had steel utensils with wooden handles. Pearlware and creamware,
types of decorated pottery, were not uncommon, and shards of pearlware believed
to have come from a kiln in Mexico have been found at Presidio La BahÃa, a
Spanish fort in Goliad.
Although forks were on the table, knifes were
often used to pick up food. It wasn’t considered rude to pour coffee from a cup
into a saucer and drink it from the saucer.
Although eastern travelers may have complained about
the monotony and unpretentiousness of corn pone, greens flavored with side
meat, and bacon, they remarked there always seemed to be an abundance of it.
And that, I think, speaks well for the old pioneers of Texas.
Sources:
The Daughters of the Republic of Texas, District
VIII: A Pinch of This and a Handful of
That, Historic Recipes of Texas 1830-1900, Eakin Press, Austin, 1988
Joy of Cooking, Irma S. Rombauer, Marion Rombauer
Becker, 1962 edition
Recipe Roundup—Compiled by the Whitehead Memorial
Museum, Del Rio, TX
Cooking Texas Style, Candy Wagner & Sandra Marquez,
University of Texas Press, Austin, 1993
Stagecoach Inns of Texas, Kathryn Turner Carter, Waco,
Texian Press, 1972
Mary Austin Holley: The Texas Diary, 1835
Mrs. Blackwell’s Heart of Texas Cookbook, Louise B.
Dillow & Deenie B. Carver, Corona Publishing, San Antonio, 1980
Wild Game Cookbook, Edited by L.W. “Bill” Johnson,
Grosset & Dunlap Publishers, New York, 1968
 |
Coming in November, 2018, Pinnacle Books
A Bad Place to Die by Easy Jackson |
