Old West Etiquette, Part 2

The social call was an important ritual during the Victorian era. Calling cards became popular in Britain, Europe, and the eastern United States as a way to screen callers and keep out undesirable visitors. These cards were usually 9cm x 6cm. A lady's card was larger than a gentleman's, who had to fit his in his breast pocket. The card was made of heavy white paper, plain and unruled, "elegantly engraved" – during the early 19^thCentury, highly decorated or gaudy cards betrayed ill breeding. Later in the century, as elaborate printing and engraving became less expensive, the wealthy displayed some truly gaudy examples indeed.

The engraving was in simple type, small and without flourishes, although script became more elaborate as the century went on. A simple 'Mr.' 'Mrs.' or 'Miss' before the name was sufficient, except in the case of acknowledgement of rank (Earl, Viscount, etc.). Early Victorian cards bore only a person's title and name, with the name of their house or district sometimes added. By the end of the century, the address was added to the card, and when applicable, a lady's reception day.

These cards were usually carried in special cases, made of ivory, tortoiseshell, leather, or even paper-mache. The truly wealthy carried cases of silver or gold.

A tray full of calling cards was like an advertisement for Victorians, showing who had visited. It wasn’t unusual for the cards to be arranged in order of social status, with the “best” names at the top of the pile. It was traditionally the obligation of the upper-class women to deliver and accept calling cards, although she could leave a copy of her husband’s card for the master of the house (along with two copies of her own cards, one for the master and one for the mistress).

Specific times were allocated for different types of calls. A "morning call" was made in the afternoon. "Ceremonial calls" were made between three and four o'clock, "semi-ceremonial calls" were between four and five o'clock. Calls made between five and six o'clock were deemed "intimate calls." Sundays were always reserved for friends and family only. Visits were always quite short, lasting from ten to thirty minutes, and if another caller arrived during a visit, the first caller was expected to leave within a few minutes of the second caller's arrival.

Occasions which warranted a social call were many. Calls of condolence or congratulations, of course. Yet proper etiquette also required social calls for many occasions which today would be properly resolved with a polite letter; one was not allowed to express thanks, tender regrets, or even accept an invitation with a written message. You must pay a return call within three days of another party's first call upon you. You must also pay a call upon friends prior to departing from town and after returning. 

As soon as a family arrived "In Town," the wife and mother was expected to circulate not only her card, but her husband's and those of her sons and daughters as well. She could either deliver the cards herself, waiting within the carriage to see if the mistress of the house was "at home" ("not at home" was a polite rejection of her family), or she could send the cards around by a servant. Upon receiving a card, one should reply with their own card, either delivered by hand or by a servant. Sending a card enclosed within an envelope, or not returning a card at all, meant that the person wished to maintain their social distance. A social call was returned with another social call.

Rules for calling:

Always....

·     dress for calling; ladies who are "at home" should wear tasteful clothing, "with a certain amount of lace and jewelry" (but no artificial flowers or glittering gems); callers should wear the sort of clothing they would wear to church or an afternoon reception; a gentleman wears a "morning" suit until six o'clock (gray, striped trousers, black vest and coat, bowler or top hat) and evening attire after that (a black dress suit)

·     receive visitors at whatever time they should call; if you cannot be interrupted, have the servant say that you are "engaged" rather than telling the falsehood that you are "not at home"

·     greet the hostess politely as soon as you are shown into the drawing room or parlor

·     make your conversation bright and witty

Never....

·     take young children or pets when making social calls

·     look at your watch

·     be in haste to seat yourself; stand and converse for a few moments

·     stare or meddle with the articles in the room; do not seem to be aware of anything but the company present while visiting

·     walk around the room staring at the pictures and other objects while waiting for the hostess

·     call across the room to address anyone; cross the room and speak quietly

·     introduce politics, religion, or other weighty topics to the conversation

·     scratch your head or use a toothpick, earspoon, or comb

·     tell long stories, talk scandal, or spread rumors

·     make any remarks about another caller who has left the room

Source:The Essential Handbook of Victorian Entertaining, adapted by Autumn Stephens, Bluewood Books, 2005

J.E.S. Hays

www.jeshays.com

www.facebook.com/JESHaysBooks

Ranger Jim's Ramblings for November.

I'm going to address a controversial subject, which seems to wax and wane over the years, but is always at least a minor undercurrent in discussions of the western genre. That is, the theme of homosexuality in Westerns, particularly  in the pulps and paperbacks.

For this post, I'm not going into the modern era, the times of Brokeback Mountain. Not to split hairs, but the two  male lovers in that film were sheepherders, not cowboys. I'm going back to the era of the pulps, and the earlier period of those.

Two incidents inspired me to address this issue. One was when a high school classmate, who is gay, and a university library director in Louisiana, was a judge for an award in a gay novel competition. One of the books happened to be a traditional style Western, but the protagonists were both gay. My friend sent me the book after the contest was over, to get my opinion. I told him that, not even looking at the homosexual angle, it was just a very poorly written book. He agreed.

The other was when I read Jackson Lowry's excellent entry in the West of the Big River series, The Artist, a tale about a segment of Charlie Russell's life. In this book, two of Russell's cowboy pards are also homosexual lovers. None of the other men seem to care, in fact, they just accept the situation as nothing out of the ordinary.

There seem to be two main schools of thought on homosexual themes in Westerns. The first school, which I'll call the traditionalists, insist there is now sign of homosexuals in any western ever written, period. The other school, which for lack of a better word I'll call the radicals, see homosexual themes in almost every scene or event in a western. As  usual, the truth is somewhere in between. Where it truly lies is impossible to determine.

For example, there is an iconic photograph from the 1880s or 1890s, taken of a group of Kansas cowboys taking baths in a pond. While this picture is just a depiction of everyday life out on the prairies, many of the radical group insists the photo shows a bunch of gay cowboys doing their thing. Highly unlikely, but boy howdy, how the meaning of gay caballero has changed.

On the other hand, while the traditionalists will try and deny it, there is no question that homosexual themes did appear in many stories in the western pulp magazines. I'm going to use two examples, both from Texas Rangers Magazine, and both involving the main character, Jim Hatfield. I don't have the issues at my fingertips, since they're now in the Texas Ranger Museum archives in Waco, so I can't provide the exact dates or story titles. However, both these examples have stuck in my head over the years, as they are so blatant, and so obvious.

The first is from an early Hatfield story, from the late 1930s or very early 1940s. In this one, Hatfield is riding along when he comes across a cowboy, who is stripped to the waist and staked out over an anthill. Hatfield frees the cowboy, so far so good. However, he then kneels down in front of the cowboy and orders him to lower his pants and drawers. There's even an illustration of the scene, where, while the cowboy is ready to unbutton his pants, Hatfield's head is in exactly the right position to leave no doubt as to exactly what the author is implying. The scene ends with the cowboy jumping in the river, ostensibly to drown the ants on him and cool their bites.Hopefully that meant the ants' bites.

The second is from a later issue, in the 1950s. In this one, Hatfield has stopped at a pond, and is ready to take a bath. Someone takes a shot, which Hatfield believes was meant for him, but in truth was aimed at another man. Hatfield jumps out of the pond, grabs a rifle, and what ensues is a fairly long scene of a naked Hatfield, rifle in hand, chasing the gunman through the woods. He stays naked even after the chase is over, and while going through the bodies for evidence.

So, homosexuality in the western novel? I leave  that for you, the readers of this blog, to decide. However, from what I have read, there is no question that at least a thread of homosexuality runs through the western genre. The traditionalists will vehemently deny it, the radicals will try to push their agenda that it was rampant, but it's there, albeit a very minor subject.. After all, homosexuality was as much a factor throughout history, including the frontier west era, as it is today.

To conclude, a few years ago, a co-worker of mine and her husband went to a Christmas party. They'd had a few drinks. On their way home, Gene Autry's classic Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer came over the car radio. Nancy's husband said to her, "You know, Autry's Back in the Saddle Again is really a gay anthem." When she told him it couldn't be, he came up with a wonderful parody of what the lyrics meant, from a homosexual point of view. It's absolutely hysterical, and proves the point that anyone who wishes can find homosexual themes in just about any piece of literature, music, or art. I just might reveal the "alternative" meaning next time around, unless some of you might find it really offensive.

Until next time, Happy Thanksgiving!

"Ranger" Jim

"SPIES OF THE CIVIL WAR" by Tom Rizzo

Belle Boyd: A Woman Scorned

Union soldiers occupying the small Shenandoah Valley town of Martinsburg, Virginia, noticed that a young woman had decorated her bedroom with confederate flags, prompting them to raise a Union banner over the house.

The event, on Independence Day 1861, deteriorated into an argument and one of the soldiers said to be drunk, swore at the mother of Belle Boyd. 

The offended 17-year old reacted by taking her pistol and shooting him to death. The commanding officer, after hearing what happened, ruled the shooting justified but placed Maria Isabella Boyd under surveillance. 

At that point, Maria Boyd decided to embark on a career as a Confederate spy. She began sending letters to Confederate commanders regarding troop 

movements and other information.

When one of her letters got intercepted, she acted oblivious. But, in the interests of her safety, her parents sent her to live with an aunt and uncle In Front Royal, an even smaller community about forty miles south.

Although union officials kept track of Boyd's movement, they didn't dissuade her from working as a courier, funneling information between General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson and General P.G.T. Beauregard.

                       Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard                         Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

Boyd was born May 9, 1844, and was well educated. Her parents - a successful merchant by the name Benjamin Reed Boyd, and Mary Rebecca Glenn Boyd - were socially prominent. The family owned several slaves.

She graduated from Mount Washington College in Baltimore, Maryland, and spent the winter of 1860-1861 as a debutante in Washington, DC. Boyd returned to Martinsburg, Virginia (now West Virginia) to work as a nurse. 

Her father had joined the 2nd Virginia Infantry Regiment when Virginia seceded from the Union in April 1861.

Belle’s flirtatious manner proved valuable. She often succeeded using her charm to cajole soldiers into revealing military intelligence.

Northern newspapers described Belle Boyd as “. . . very attractive…quite tall…a superb figure…and dressed with much taste. ”

Her exploits were so effective that, by early 1862, the Union Army and the press labeled her as “La Belle Robelle”—the Siren of the Shenandoah.

Captured several times, she managed to avoid serving jail time—until July 29, 1862. But, she was arrested again, and jailed at the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, D.C.

A month later, Boyd got released in a prisoner exchange. A year later, she was arrested again, and finally released in December, and banished to the South.

Rules and restrictions never played well with Belle Boyd, so she set sail for England on May 8, 1864, but got arrested as a Confederate courier.

With the help of a Union naval officer, Lt. Samuel Hardinge—whom she later married—she fled for Canada.

Boyd eventually made it to England, and made a name for herself by writing her memoirs and found success on the stage.

Her memoir, Belle Boyd in Camp and in Prison, was published in 1865.

 A couple of years later, Belle returned to America a widow and mother, continued her stage career and married twice more.

On June 11, 1900, Belle Boyd died in poverty, of a heart attack, while on tour in Wisconsin.

Confederate Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson once commented that intelligence she provided helped the general to win victories in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862.

She was one of several women who distinguished themselves as effective spies for both the Blue and the Gray during the War Between the States.

_______

Tom@TomRizzo.com

www.TomRizzo.com

The King of Texas

When researching locations for my second novel, Touched by Love, I visited the famed King Ranch in south Texas, between Corpus Christi and Brownsville--and fell in love with the rugged terrain and equally hardy people.

 “The story starts in the mid-1830s with an eleven-year-old boy indentured by his destitute family to a jeweler in New York City.”

Sounds like one of our novels, doesn’t it? But it’s the start of the amazing story of Richard King, the King of Texas. After stowing away on a ship bound of the south of the United States, he worked his way to captain and finally steam boat owner, moving goods and passengers along the lower Rio Grande River.

Sometime in the middle of the 1800s, Captain King crossed a region of Texas known as the Wild Horse Desert. When he came upon the sweet water of the Santa Gertrudis Creek, he’d found home. King and his business partner purchased 15, 500 acres of Mexican land, a land grant known as Rincon de Santa Gertrudis. This acreage was the start of what is now the legendary King Ranch.

Based on a melding of the Southern Plantation and Mexican Hacienda styles of management, King built a dynasty near what is now Kingsville, Texas. When a terrible drought struck South Texas and Northern Mexico, King bought all the cattle from the townspeople of Cruillas, Mexico. Realizing he’d also taken their livelihood, King offered to hire all those who would move to his ranch. These expert stockmen and horsemen became known as Los Kineños--King’s people. Descendants of Los Kineños still live and work on the ranch today.

By the end of the Civil War, King’s ranch had grown to more than 146,000 acres, supporting thousands of head of his domesticated longhorn cattle. When he ran into a problem, such as the lack of quality saddles and tack for his vaqueros, he simply hired the finest craftsmen and moved them onto the ranch. [The Saddle Shop is still in operation: http://www.king-ranch.com/saddle_shop.html]

“Richard King's sense of adventure was rivaled only by his vision and ability to seize on new business opportunities. In addition to tirelessly working to improve the ranch, he invested in building railroads, packinghouses, ice plants and harbor improvements for the port of Corpus Christi.”

And things didn’t stop after Captain King’s death in 1885. In 1899, King’s son-in-law, Robert J. Kleberg (he married King’s daughter, Alice) was drilling for water when he discovered a huge underground river, bringing an end to the decade long drought known as “the great die-up.”

“During this era, Robert J. Kleberg and King’s widow continued to improve and diversify the assets of King Ranch with agricultural development, land sales, and town building projects. In 1904, their efforts were instrumental in helping to build the St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Railway -- as well as several towns along the newly laid track, including Kingsville. Before her death in 1925, Henrietta King had donated land and funds toward the construction of churches, libraries, and school projects (creating an oasis of community development) in this previously untamed land.”

The ranch’s innovations didn’t stop there. The number one registration in the American Quarter Horse Association Stud Book was from the King Ranch Quarter Horse program. They also produced the youngest horse ever to be inducted into the National Cutting Horse Association Hall of Fame, Mr. San Peppy. Assault, the 1946 winner of the Triple Crown, and Middleground, the 1950 winner of the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes, both came from King stock.

Today, the King Ranch is a huge operation, with more than 825,000 acres in multiply states and countries, and Running W brand appears on tens of thousands of the King Ranch’s Santa Gertrudis cattle, recognizable by their distinctive black-cherry colored hide.

If you want to know more, visit www.King-Ranch.com. Or better yet, plan a trip to the ranch. You’ll be very glad you did.

IS THAT TRUE? #WesternFictioneers #History

You've heard the tales. You think you know the story. But really, can those stories be true? Let's see.

Cripple Creek today

John W. Bernard

The story goes that John W. Bernard walked from Colorado Springs to Cripple Creek, a journey of  about forty-five miles, and spent his first night in the mining district sleeping on the ground. When he awoke the next day he stacked out a likely looking pile of rocks and filed a claim. He named the mine for a pair of Elk Horns lying nearby. Of course, in heart of true storytelling, Mr. Bernard knew nothing about mining and supposedly gave away half of his mine to settle a grocery bill of almost forty dollars.

Now according to Mike Hurtt from his "History of the Elkton Mine" that had been accessed in 2009 from the Cripple Creek History site ( no longer available) the mine was taken over from William Shemwell and it was three Bernard brothers who purchased it.

So who has the correct story? You can decided which is true.

John Milton Chivington
photo from Wikipedia

John Milton Chivington

After the Battle of Glorietta Pass, in which Chivington 'routed' the Confederates who were attempting to relieve Colorado of its gold, he was promoted to Colonel. Quite a feat for a Methodist minister. His troups from the battle were given the name of Chivington's Pet Lambs.

His daughter was married to a much older man who traded with the Indians in Southwest Colorado. The daughters husband left her with the tribe as a guarantee he would return with their wares. He did return some six months later. The hush story is Chivington had a half-breed grandchild.

Are these stories true?


Dr. Isaac Davis

In 1874, Dr. Davis, of Manitou Springs, CO., was acquitted of manslaughter for giving his patient Mrs. Mary Ann Stringer an overdose of narcotics for gastritis. They actually exhumed the body prior to the trial.

While working as the coroner in Manitou Springs he came into the possession of the body of Tom O'Neil. Mr. O'Neil was an Irish miner who was shot in a bar fight. When no one claimed the body, Dr. Davis experimented on the body using chemical baths and sunbathing. I the end, it was said Mr. O'Neil's body looked like that of an Egyptian mummy.

Do you really think the above stories are true?


Emma Crawford

Emma was involved in Spiritualism and it was said that she played the piano with such skill, but had never taken a lesson. Instead it was claimed she acquired her skill from the spirits.

Upon her death, in 1891, Emma requested that she be buried on Red Mountain in Manitou Springs. Her wishes were honored.

In 1929 some boys were said to have found a grave and brought the skull and handles from the coffin down to Manitou Springs. It was later determined that they were of Emma Crawford. She was later buried in the local cemetery. To this day, Manitou Springs has coffin races over the Halloween weekend in honor of Emma and her opened grave on Red Mountain.

True?

I hope you enjoyed some of the tales of the Pikes Peak region. As we get ready for All Hallows Eve, what stories have you heard where you live?


In my novella "Angel of Salvation Valley" the hero makes a deal to get out of prison for a crime he did not commit. His deal, he must kill. Can he do it?

Amazon e-book

 "I'm just wondering what kind of power you have that would allow me to get out of here, short of a prison break?"

"Nothing you need to worry about, but you can set your mind at ease if you agree to my proposition. I'll make sure you are paroled, after all you were drunk when you held up that stage and killed those people."

"I didn't hold up any stage, I didn't kill anyone, so how could I be drunk while committing the crime?" Drew interrupted.

"Never mind. Are you willing to take the job so you can get out of here?" Luke asked, staring into Drew's eyes.

Drew felt uncomfortable with that stare. Still he hesitated. He'd never killed anyone, unless in self defense. But if someone as evil as this woman was needed killing, he would trade her life for his freedom.

Breathing deeply, Drew slowly nodded his assent.

"Fine, you made a good choice," Luke said. "I'll let you know within the next two days when you will walk out of here," Luke moved to knock on the cell door. "After all, it took ten years to hunt you down," Luke whispered.

Drew moved to shake the hand Luke offered, wondering what Luke was mumbling. Still, when Drew took the hand firmly in his own hardened one, he was surprised at how smooth the skin was. It'd been years since he felt something so smooth, but there was also heat and strength behind the grip. A small fissure of pain traveled up his arm as Luke broke off the handshake, a tightening in his scalp.

Doris Gardner-McCraw -

Author, Speaker, Historian-specializing in
Colorado and Women's History

Member of National League of American Pen Women,

Women Writing the West,

Pikes Peak Posse of the Westerners

Angela Raines - author: Where Love & History Meet

For a list of Angela Raines Books: Here 

Photo and Poem: Click Here 

Angela Raines FaceBook: Click Here

THE DEVIL'S IN THE DETAILS by Cheryl Pierson

There’s an old saying that “the devil’s in the details” that’s true in many circumstances in life, but I think it’s especially true in all forms of art.

Of course, it’s obvious to us in visual art—paintings, drawings, photography—and tactile art such as a beautiful quilt or piece of pottery, or a woven basket.

Hexagon Quilt--selling for over $6000! But look at the work and the detail that went into this "work of art"!

But what about books? Are you a reader who loves lots of descriptive details? Or do those bog you down and leave you frustrated and impatient?

I have to admit, as I’ve gotten older, there are many kinds of stories that I feel could do with less detail in some areas. A lot of my "changes" come from looking at the way details and descriptions are presented more closely when I read. I’ve evolved into this kind of reader.

As a younger reader, I needed those details to help me create images in my mind. The descriptions were beautiful to me because I knew less of the world, and everything I read was a learning experience! Have you ever thought about it like that?

When I was a YA reader, whether reading sci-fi books (during the flying saucer craze) or historical fiction, I needed those descriptions and details to feed my hunger for learning about—well, everything!

I loved this series by John Christopher--read it when I was about 12 or 13, and it stayed with me all through the years so that when my own kids were young, I went searching and found it for them! The descriptions of the aliens that were determined to take over earth, the bravery of the young people that fought against them, and wondering what in the world was going to happen kept me reading far into the night!


“Back in the day” I think authors engaged readers with a different type of writing style, too. Ours had not yet become a world of technology such as it is now. Life “took longer”—and happened at a much more unhurried pace. It was important for writers to create pictures in the readers’ minds—because there was no way to already have a pre-conceived idea of the things the author was trying to describe.

Here’s what I mean: In today’s world, we are inundated with images of all kinds, from instant pictures on our phones that we take ourselves, to movies, to ads on television, to video on Youtube. And so much more—this is just the tip of the iceberg.

One of my very favorite paintings by the very fabulous Jack Sorenson. This one is called "Horse With Christmas Spirit"--love the "details" in this one!

Can you see how this de-values art? When a beautiful picture can be photoshopped together in minutes and seen by millions, or even mass produced in ways that hadn’t been thought of fifty years ago, the artist who painstakingly delivers every brush stroke “the old-fashioned way” can be under-appreciated in a hurry!

Some writers suffer this same twist of fate in a different way. Because our lives are so rushed, and our society has been geared toward “quick reads” we’ve lost the pleasure of savoring those descriptions of the setting, the characters, even the emotions of the “players” in the books we read. It seems that finishing a book is more important than, as we once did, lingering over certain passages and re-reading them for the sheer joy of the way the words came together, the image they created for our hungry minds—and souls.

I realize, for my part, not needing as much detail and description in my reading of some material is because I’m older. I’ve read more, seen more, and (hopefully) know more—so certain things don’t have to be described to me in as much detail every time.

My confession—and you may all think this is weird—I do not ever skim. Even when I don’t feel the need for the minutiae that may be included, I read every word. What if I miss something? Deep down, I believe the author must have thought it important or he/she wouldn’t have included it!

What’s your pet peeve? Too much description? Not enough? More description needed of the characters? Or do you want some things left to your own imagination?

One does a whole painting for one peach and people think just the opposite - that particular peach is but a detail.
--Pablo Picasso

I learned no detail was too small. It was all about the details.
--Brad Grey

Sometimes when you start losing detail, whether it's in music or in life, something as small as failing to be polite, you start to lose substance.
--Benny Goodman

Do you remember a book you’ve read that you thought was too detailed? IS there such a thing? I think many of the authors from the earlier days wrote in that style—it was just how it was done—and there was no mass media to show instant pictures, so there was even so much more to learn through reading.

As one who wrote very descriptive passages, James Fenimore Cooper comes to mind, but Diana Gabaldon’s books are full of wonderful descriptions of the landscape, the characters, and so on, and that skill she displays for description makes her stories and characters come to life!

For modern-day books that show a complete mastery of adding wonderful detail and pulling you into the story, there is no better author than Kathleen Eagle. I've never read a story by her that I didn't love and one of the main reasons is the adept talent she has for adding the smallest details as the story moves along and drawing the reader right into each and every scene, as if you are truly there with her characters, experiencing their pain, loss, worry, and love.

Do you have a favorite author who gives just the right amount of description? More about this next time on CHARACTER descriptions--I've been doing a lot of thinking on this subject!