Monday, June 8, 2015

Wild West Words: Food Fight


By Kathleen Rice Adams

Round Up on the Musselshell, Charles M. Russell, 1919
The last three decades of the 19th Century — 1870 to 1900 — compose the period most people think of when they hear the term “Wild West.” Prior to the Civil War, westward expansion in the U.S. was a pioneering movement, and the period around the turn of the 20th Century was dominated by the Industrial Revolution. But in a scant thirty years, the American cowboy raised enough hell to leave a permanent mark on history.

Cowboys also left a permanent mark on American English. A whole lexicon of new words and phrases entered the language. Some were borrowed from other cultures. Others embodied inventive new uses for words that once meant something else. Still others slid into the vernacular sideways from Lord only knows where.

One of the best ways to imbue a western with a sense of authenticity is to toss in a few bits of period-appropriate jargon or dialect. That’s more difficult than one might imagine. I’m constantly surprised to discover words and phrases are either much younger or much older than I expected. Sometimes the stories behind the terms are even better than the terms themselves.

Here are a few of the words related to food and drink.

Camp Cook's Troubles, Charles M. Russell
Ball: a shot of liquor. Originated in the American West c. 1821; most commonly heard in the phrase “a beer and a ball,” used in saloons to order a beer and a shot of whiskey. “Ball of fire” meant a glass of brandy.

Barrel: cheap saloon, often with a brothel attached. American English; arose c. 1875 as a reference to the barrels of beer or booze typically stacked along the walls.

Bear sign: donuts. Origin obscure, but the word was common on trail drives. Any chuckwagon cook who could — and would — make bear sign was a keeper.

Bend an elbow: have a drink.

Benzene: cheap liquor, so called because it set a man’s innards on fire from his gullet to his gut.

Bottom of the barrel: of very low quality. Cicero is credited with coining the phrase, which he used as a metaphor comparing the basest elements of Roman society to the sediment left by wine.

Budge: liquor. Origin unknown, but in common use by the latter half of the 1800s. A related term, budgy, meant drunk.

Cantina: barroom or saloon. Texas and southwestern U.S. dialect from 1892; borrowed from Spanish canteen.

Chuck: food. Arose 1840-50 in the American West; antecedents uncertain.

Dead soldier: empty liquor bottle. Although the term first appeared in print in 1913, common usage is much older. Both “dead man” and “dead marine” were recorded in the context before 1892. All of the phrases most likely arose as a pun: “the spirits have departed.”

Laugh Kills Lonesome, Charles M. Russell
Dive: disreputable bar. American English c. 1871, probably as a figurative and literal reference to the location of the worst: beneath more reputable, mainstream establishments.

Goobers or goober peas: peanuts. American English c. 1833, likely of African origin.

Grub up: eat. The word “grub” became slang for food in the 1650s, possibly as a reference to birds eating grubs or perhaps as a rhyme for “bub,” which was slang for drink during the period. 19th Century American cowboys added “up” to any number of slang nouns and verbs to create corresponding vernacular terms (i.e., “heeled up” meant armed, c. 1866 from the 1560s usage of “heel” to mean attaching spurs to a gamecock’s feet).

Gun wadding: white bread. Origin unknown, although visual similarity is likely.

Jigger: 1.5-ounce shot glass; also, the volume of liquor itself. American English, 1836, from the earlier (1824) use of jigger to mean an illicit distillery. Origin unknown, but may be an alteration of “chigger” (c. 1756), a tiny mite or flea.

Kerosene: cheap liquor. (See benzene.)

Mescal: a member of the agave family found in the deserts of Mexico and the southwestern U.S., as well as an intoxicating liquor fermented from its juice. The word migrated to English from Aztec via Mexican Spanish before 1828. From 1885, mescal also referred to the peyote cactus found in northern Mexico and southern Texas. Dried disks containing psychoactive ingredients, often used in Native American spiritual rituals, were called “mescal buttons.”

Mexican strawberries: dried beans.

Red-eye: inferior whiskey. American slang; arose c. 1819, most likely as a reference to the physical appearance of people who drank the stuff. The meaning “overnight commercial airline flight that arrives early in the morning” arose 1965-70.

The Herd Quitter, Charles M. Russell
Roostered: drunk, apparently from an over-imbiber’s tendency to get his tail feathers in an uproar over little to nothing, much like a male chicken guarding a henhouse. The word “rooster” is an Americanism from 1772, derived from “roost cock.” Colonial Puritans took offense when “cock” became vulgar slang for a part of the human male anatomy, so they shortened the phrase.

Sop: gravy. Another trail-drive word, probably carried over from Old English “sopp,” or bread soaked in liquid. Among cowboys, using the word “gravy” marked the speaker as a tenderfoot.

Stodgy: of a thick, semi-solid consistency; primarily applied to food. Arose c. 1823-1825 from stodge (“to stuff,” 1670s). The noun form, meaning “dull or heavy,” arose c. 1874.

Tiswin (also tizwin): a fermented beverage made by the Apache. The original term probably was Aztecan for “pounding heart,” filtered through Spanish before entering American English c. 1875-80.

Tonsil varnish: whiskey

Tornado juice: whiskey



 A Texan to the bone, Kathleen Rice Adams spends her days chasing news stories and her nights and weekends shooting it out with Wild West desperados. Leave the upstanding, law-abiding heroes to other folks. In Kathleen’s stories, even the good guys wear black hats. Visit her home on the range at KathleenRiceAdams.com.

22 comments:

  1. Once again you taught us something, Kathleen. Good post. Thanks.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Thanks, Frank! I should've been a teacher -- but I'd probably be doing life right now because I did away with any number of parents who've taught their children nothing about respect or polite behavior.

      Delete
  2. Ah, I love learning new words and expressions... always an interesting journey for me. Thanks YT.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. You're welcome, petit hibou. We Americans must do what we can to educate you Canadians -- and y'all must return the favor. :-)

      Delete
  3. I am duly enlightened. Dead soldiers have departed spirits...punplay at its best!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Even I had to laugh at that one, Vonn. Let's hope it doesn't spark a one-upmanship pun war.

      Delete
    2. You do mean punmanship practice...

      Be warned. I'm a mouthpaw.

      Delete
    3. **facepalm** I shoulda seen that one comin'.

      Delete
  4. Tornado juice... LOL!! good one, Tex!! Glad you're enlightening us with some western jargon. :-)

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. "Tornado juice" is just downright fun. Actually, you probably can pick almost any noun used as a name for something unpleasant and add "juice" to the end, and it'll mean "cheap liquor." :-D

      Glad you like the jargon!

      Delete
  5. Wow Kathleen, this is really good.
    I must confess that I tend to use some of that jargon around the house even now. Grub, redeye and sop are common.
    Thanks for the post.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I'm glad someone else uses some of these words in everyday speech. Folks look at me funny all the time for some of my word choices -- or maybe I just think the snarky facial expressions are in response to word choices.

      Glad you enjoyed the post, Jerry! :-)

      Delete
  6. Those cowboys were a colorful and inventive bunch. I knew a few of the terms, but mostly, They were new to me. I love to read stories where the language sounds authentic--and it doesn't hurt if they make me laugh.
    I remember Tombstone where Wyatt mentioned "go to heels." I didn't actually know what it meant, but I got that it had something to do with a gun.
    You always have entertaining and informative blogs, Kathleen.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Sarah, you always give my ego a boost. (Like my ego needs a boost. :-D )

      Yep, them boys was a colorful lot, wasn't they? One warning: Be careful using some of authentic words, unless readers are given a clue to their meaning. For some reason, folks get riled when a term sounds too contemporary, but they get equally riled when they don't know the meaning of a period term. Go figure.

      Delete
  7. Thanks Kathleen I now know so many more expressions when ordering a drink. I wonder how many of todays bartenders will know what I am asking for!

    ReplyDelete
  8. You can add "torpedo juice" from naval vocabulary. Started by submarine sailors as far as I can tell.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Thanks for that, Oscar! See what I mean? Take a noun and add "juice" behind it, and you've got a term for liquor! :-D

      Delete
  9. Fascinting and useful. One can expect the 'special unexpected' from you Kathleen. Love these. Doris

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Glad the post is helpful, Doris. You're always so supportive. HUGS!!!!

      Delete
  10. Love it. Great post, Kathleen! Two more from my childhood: My great-uncles who farmed during the 30s and 40s would call coffee "bug juice." One of them always carried a big twist of tobacco and it was often referred to by the men in the pool hall as a "dog turd." I thought it was a joke on him until one day I heard a farmer from another town come into the pool hall and ask to buy a "dog turd." Mmmm--sounds appetizing to me!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. LOL, Rich! Ugh. What...uh..."interesting" terms for things folks put in their mouths. :-D

      I've heard "bug juice." No idea why I didn't put it on this list. Maybe it post-dates the Old West. Do you know?

      Delete