Pioneer Paper of the Plains by Tom Rizzo

On the night of November 19, 1868, an angry and drunken mob of railroad workers tore through the town of Bear River City, Wyoming, leave a trail of destruction in its wake.

The mob burned down the jail to free a comrade, leaving a dead citizen behind. It then headed for the newspaper office of The Frontier Index, which used a box car as its printing office. 

Fueled by publisher and editor Legh Freeman's violent, anti-Mormon viewpoint, the rioters sacked the office, and destroyed the printing press and other equipment. 

When it marched en masse toward a general store, about thirty armed citizens took the offensive, and fired into the crowd, killing several and wounding others. 

The Frontier Index, published by Freeman, and his brother Frederick, provoked passionate reaction wherever they published, and proved a unique venture in the history of Great Plains journalism. 

Started at Fort Kearny, Nebraska, December 1865, the publication was dubbed "the press on wheels" because it followed successive terminus towns of the Union Pacific railroad, along the tracks westward to Julesburg, Cheyenne, Fort Sanders, Green River City, and Ogden, moving into a railhead before they fully developed into towns. 

At the outset, the newspaper was published on an old time hand roller press which was abandoned by General Joseph E. Johnston who, prior to 1861, commanded US troops in the far West. 

The equipment was easy to transport. The Freemans operated out of box cars and tents most of the time, ultimately serving mostly civilian subscribers in about twenty different locations, including a few near military installations. 

Because of easy access to the telegraph, the newspaper was able to print national news as soon as it was available from the East. 

The Frontier Index also borrowed a page from the Associated Press by establishing an exchange program with other newspapers. While on site, Freeman served as a local printer for private projects. And, he also sold advertising space in the newspaper.

Under its masthead motto - Independence in All Things, Neutrality in Nothing - the paper delivered a no-holds-barred, straight-from-the-shoulder digest of sometimes witty opinion. Although it seemed to mirror the sometimes rebellious, independent attitude embraced settlers making a new start in the growing American frontier, Freeman's views and opinions helped alienate a number of people.

He walked a tight but narrow rope between witty and sarcastic. Everyone was fair game, it seemed. 

Freeman often crossed the line with endless, vitriolic, and bigoted attacks against what he labeled the Useless Slaughter and Horse Useless Grant administration, the Credit Mobilier scandal that involved the Union Pacific, Mormonism, Black Republicans, Indians, and Chinese. 

The Frontier Index  became the target of severe criticism from various Rocky Mountain publications. 

The Reveille, Oct 2, 1868: "The filthy rebel sheet, The Frontier Index, is alway filled with ribaldry and gross abuse of the government or some of its agents. It seems to gloat and grow fat with the lowest billingsgate it can command in ministering to its vulgar appetite by pouring out abuse about anything or or any person who stood by out country in the time of her trial. From the tone of the Index, we should judge the editor would make a good member of the Ku Klux Klan…"

The Salt Lake Daily Reporter , Sept. 12, 1868: "The Frontier Index  says it is the mouthpiece of Wyoming Democracy. We wee mistaken, badly mistaken, as everyone it likely to be occasionally. We had come to the conclusion that the Index was the entire butt end of the Democracy of Wyoming."

Editor Freeman liked being on the move and, by 1875, Freeman moved back to Utah to open the Ogden Freeman. He also published others in Utah and Montana. 

The April 16, 1884 edition of the Salt Lake Evening Chronicle's April 16, 1884 edition,  carried this item: 

"That irrepressible rustler, Legh R. Freeman, has consolidated the Chronicle, Herald, Ogden Freeman, Inter-Mountain, Daily Labor Union, Atlantic and Union Freeman into one huge ten page journal called the Frontier Index, and finally stopped his 'press on wheels' at Thompson's Falls, a 'magic city' in the pine woods on the Northern Pacific railway near Coeur d'Alene mines."

Freeman married three times and had four children. He spent the last few years of his life in Washington writing and publishing the Washington Farmland,  becoming involved in the Populist movement. Freeman ran for the Senate twice as the "Red Horse Candidate." He also made an unsuccessful attempt to run for mayor, but finished last in the 1914 race.

He died February 7, 1915, in North Yakima, Washington.

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Mission of Vengeance By Tom Rizzo

The sniper concealed himself in dense foliage on a bluff high above the Tennessee River, waiting for the Union patrol below to draw closer.

A warm breeze washed across his tanned, but aging face as he ran his hand along the smooth maple stock of the .50-caliber rifle, resting it on the limb of a tree.

Modified to his own requirements, the seventeen-pound weapon could end the life of a Bluecoat as far away as 500-yards.

This was the last place Jack Hinson wanted, or expected, to find himself.

A prosperous plantation owner near Dover, Tennessee, Hinson tried to remain neutral in a conflict his neighbors called the War of Northern Aggression.

Even though he owned slaves, Hinson opposed secession. 

Early in the war, he had even befriended Union Gen. US Grant.

But then, everything changed.

One horrific, agonizing event transformed a nearly 60-year old quiet tobacco farmer into a feared Confederate avenger.

In the autumn of 1862, two of Hinson's sons - George and John - went into the woods to hunt, and became the hunted.

When a patrol of the Fifth Iowa discovered the young men armed with rifles, they were arrested, and branded as Confederate guerrillas, known as bushwhackers.

Their denials went unheeded. They were lashed to a tree, executed by firing squad, and then beheaded.

The patrol made its way to the Hinson plantation where they summoned the family outside. Jack Hinson could only stare in shock and disbelief as Federal troops mounted the decapitated heads of his sons on the gate-posts to his home.

Following a tortuous period of mourning, Hinson realized there was only one way to deal with his grief.

He had already buried his sons, ages  17 and 22. He decided to free his slaves before the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect. Then, he moved members of his family to west Tennessee, where he thought they'd be safer.

The next priority involved the design and  manufacture of a specially crafted sniper rifle--one he could fire with deadly accuracy.

When it was ready, so was he.

Gun-in-hand, the expert marksman and savvy woodsman began waging a withering, personal, one-man war of vengeance on Union troops. 

Hinson held the upper hand because of his familiarity with the terrain, the river channels, the hills, and the valleys. Much of his wrath was focused on the Bluecoat cavalrymen of the Fifth Iowa Cavalry Regiment that executed his sons.

Hinson moved with the silence of a shadow, avoiding detection, springing ambushes at will, and disappearing among the tall ash and black oak trees to kill another day.

Any soldier within half-mile of Jack Hinson's gunsight - whether on land, in transports, or gunboats along the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers - was a potential casualty.

According to Tom McKenney, in his book, Jack Hinson’s One-Man War, A Civil War Sniper, Hinson likely killed more than a hundred Union soldiers, mariners, and officers mostly along the Tennessee River in Benton and Stewart counties. The actual rifle, however, bore thirty-six notchces.

Hinson also served as a guide for  Nathan Bedford Forrest for an attack on the Union supply center at Johnsonville, Tennessee.

In the meantime, the war had claimed yet another member of Hinson's family. His third son, Robert, was killed in combat on September 18, 1863, while leading a band of partisans in the Between-the-Rivers region.

Every effort to capture Old Man Hinson, as he was called, failed, despite the Union assigning infantry and cavalry troops from several regiments to track him down.

Hinson succeeded in evading all attempts to stop him, even a specially equipped amphibious force of marines.

According to the Clarksville Weekly Chronicle, Captain Jack Hinson died at his home on White Oak Creek on April 28, 1874. He was 67.

For the most part, he remained invisible in the history of sniper warfare.